पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं - AERONAUTICS !! PART-6 !!

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं 

We shall start our further discussions on aeronautics after an understanding of some of the scientific concepts of ARyabhatta in his text of Aryabhateeyam.

Aryabhatta, bases all his suthras on a number system.One such number system ( something like an encryption system..) is what we have already seen ( Katapayathi sankhya) in earlier posts. 

We will have to understand this number system (aryabhateeya sankhya ) to understand his calculations.

in this number system... Sanskrit alphabets are numbered in the following manner. 

Ka- 1   Kha - 2     Ga - 3    Gha-4    Nga-5

Cha-6  Chcha-7 ....... So on and so forth with continuous numbering upto Ma-25 

Ya-30   Ra-40    La-50   Va-60   Sa-70  Sha-80 

E-100

U - 10,000

Ru-10,00,000 

Aryabhatta says in one of his suthras " Bha upa kramo Grahaansha:" 

Upa Kramo Grahamsha: makes sense as to the degree of tilting of earth....but Bha has no meaning per say.If we refer the numbering system, Bha is of the number 24.

Thus, the tilting of earth is 24 degrees according to aryabhatta ,while the mordern calculation is 23.5 degrees. 

Now , we shall move onto our Vaimanika Shastra.

Dharpanaathikaranam : The Chapter of Mirrors ! 

Dharpanaascha [ Suthra 20.Vaimanika Shastra ] 

The Mirrors ! 

This chapter Deals with Seven Different types of mirrors to be used in aeronautics.

• VishwaKriya Darpanam 
• ShakthyaKArshana Darpanam 
• Vyroopya Darpanam 
• Kuntinee Darpanam 
• Guhaagarbha Darpanam 
• Rowdree Darpanam 

1) Vishwakriya Darpanam : 

Vishwakriyaa darpana is to be fixed on a revolving stand near the pilot so that he could observe whatever is happening outside on all sides.Its construction is also detailedly explained, the silvering and all technical processes are described, but the problem lies in deciphering the meaning of the sanskrit words of the ingredients. 

2)ShakthyaKarshana Darpanam 

As the vimaana flies through the regions of the sky, three classes of destructive forces tend to overcome it. This mirror is capable of neutralising and overcoming their effects.

The wind, solar rays, and fire are known as trivargas. Each of the three has evil effects on the plane's pilot. Those evil forces this mirror will absorb and nullify.

3)Vyroopya Darpana 

When enemy planes with men intent on intercepting and destroying your vimaana attack you with all the means at their disposal, the viroopya-darpana will frighten them into retreat or render them unconscious and leave you free to destroy or rout them. The darpana, like a magician, will change the appearance of your vimaana into such frightening shapes that the attacker will be dismayed or paralysed. There are 27 such different shapes that are said to be possible. Sammohana-kriyaa-kaanda, or the work dealing with the methods causing insensibility, mentions 17 of them.

4)Kuntinee Darpanam 

We now consider the Kuntinee mirror. The wise say that the mirror by the glare of whose rays people's minds get deranged is Kuntinee mirror. Paraankusha says that in the region of the solar electric heat waves of the sky, seven streams of poisonous whirl-winds derange the mind. the Kuntinee mirror acts as a protection against that evil effect.

5) Pinjula Darpana 

The conflicting inter-action of the solar rays is called pinjulaa. It has deleterious effect on the black eye-balls of the pilots. The pinjulaa mirror, by intervening will prevent the eye-balls being blinded by the evil rays.

It is said in "Amsubodhinee", or the work on solar rays, "There are four directions, east, west, north and south, and four corner directions, south-east, south-west, north-east and north-west. The solar force of each direction has got its own intensity, owing to different fire-force, different seasonal force, the effect of the five winds, combined with the vaarunee or liquid force of the clouds, and the resulting tension gives rise to four evil forces, andha, andhakaara, pinjoosha, and taarapaa, whose glows, known as rakta, jaathara, taaraagra, and prabha, striking the eye-balls result in blindness of both eyes. 

6) Guha GArbaDarapanam 

The conflict between the electricity in the clouds, wind, and rays, generates forces harmful to pilots. The guhaa-garbha darpana, by attracting them and projecting them by electric force against enemy planes, renders the persons inside them physically disabled and incapable of figh.

7) Rowdree Darpana 

This mirror captures solar rays and concentrates them to a targetted enemy to liquify the same. 

By the mixing of roudree and solar rays an evil force called maarikaa is generated, and impelled by the solar electricity, it destroys the enemy planes."

We shall move onto the next Chapter, Electricity In our subsequent note !! 

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं - AERONATUICS PART-4 ! SPEED OF LIGHT !! SOLAR SYSTEM !!

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं 

The successful publish of the 10th part of the notes ! It feels proud. 

We were to proceed with with the LOHADHIKARANAM ( the chapter of metal usage), but i thought, we shall pause it for now and resume from the next note. 

Since the vaimanika itself involves many calculations to come with regard to distance,speed,time etc. we will see those measures in this note.The vaimanika shastra also describes the universe, solar system and also about the air routes in the earth's atmosphere.So i thought, the basic understanding of all these with the help of the VEDAS themselves is essential to move onto the vaimanika shastra further.

Our ancestors, have calculated the speed of light.

The RIG VEDA says, 

taraNir vishvadarshato jyotishkrdasi surya |

vishvamaa bhaasirochanam || [ Rig veda 1.50] 

and the commentator also says , 

tatha ca smaryate yojananam. sahasre dve dve sate dve ca yojane

ekena nimishardhena kramaman.

We will see what these verses mean and take it as the base for the calculation of speed of light.

These verses literally mean, “It is remembered here that Sun (light) traverses 2,202 yojanas in half a nimisha” 

In the vedas, NIMISHA is a unit of time and YOJANA  is a unit of distance.

NIMESHA : 

The moksha dharma parva of the mahabharatha, explains 

15 Nimisha = 1 Kastha

30 Kashta = 1 Kala

30.3 Kala = 1 Muhurta

30 Muhurtas = 1 Diva-Ratri (Day-Night)

We know Day-Night is 24 hours

So we get 24 hours = 30 x 30.3 x 30 x 15 nimisha

in other words 409050 nimisha

We know 1 hour = 60 x 60 = 3600 seconds

So 24 hours = 24 x 3600 seconds = 409050 nimisha

409050 nimesa = 86,400 seconds

1 nimesa = 0.2112 seconds 

YOJANA : 

The vishnu purana explains the calculation of YOJANA unit. 

10 ParamAnus = 1 Parasukshma

10 Parasúkshmas = 1 Trasarenu

10 Trasarenus = 1 Mahírajas

10 Mahírajas= 1 Balagra 

10 Bálágra = 1 Likhsha

10 Likhsha= 1 Yuka

1o Yukas = 1 Yavodara

10 Yavodaras = 1 Yava

10 Yava = 1 Angula (1.89 cm or approx 3/4 inch)

6 angula  = 1 Pada

2 Padas = 1 Vitasti (span)

2 Vitasti = 1 Hasta (cubit)

4 Hastas = a Dhanu,  Nárikás = 6 feet

2000 Dhanus = 1 Gavyuti = 12000 feet

4 Gavyutis = 1 Yojana = 9.09 miles 

{ NOTE: THESE CALCULATIONS OF THE YOJANA HAVE BEEN ADOPTED FROM THE RESEARCH OF P.V.VARTAK,a research scholar, there are proofs in his books explaining how it is 9.09 miles also } 

Calculation:

So now we can calculate what is the value of the speed of light in modern units based on the value given as 2202 yojanas in 1/2 nimesa

= 2202 x 9.09 miles per 0.1056 seconds

= 20016.18 miles per 0.1056 seconds

= 189547 miles per second !!

As per the modern science speed of light is 186000 miles per second !

As per the mordern calculation it is 18600 miles/second. 

I think that the calculation errors must have occured due to approximation. 

Now that again our mouths are wide open, we will move onto some concepts of the universe as explained by the oldest of the vedas, THE RIG VEDA.

All our text books that we have studied in our curriculum, says that the indians proposed a geocentric model of the solar system, and that galileo founf all this was wrong and proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system. 

IS THIS TRUE ? ? ? ? 

The very word JAGATH ( World ), means the moving one.Those who know hindi can recognise as well.. (JISKI GATHI HAI WOH JAGATH .. that which has movement),so we knew the earth was moving constantly, that is why we named it so. 

ahastA yad apadee vardhata kShAH shaceebhir vedyAnAm |

shuShNam pari pradakShiNid vishvAyave ni shishnathaH ||                 [ RIG VEDA 10.22.14 ] 

KSHA: - Earth ; AHASTHA- No hands ; APADEE- No legs ; VARHDATH- moves ahead; SHUSHNAN PARI - around the sun ; PRADAKSHINIT - around 

This earth is devoid of hands and legs, yet it 

moves ahead. All the objects over the earth also 

move with it. It moves around the sun. 

So does that mean the vedas proposed a geocentric model ????!!!  

THE BRITISH LEGACY, HAS LEFT US NOTHING BUT AN OPPURTUNITY TO BE ASHAMED OF OUR OWN CULTURE !!!!! 

 suShvANAsa indra stumasi tvA sasavAMsash ca tuvinRumNa vAjam |

A no bhara suvitaM yasya cAkan tmanA tanA sanuyAma tvotAH ||                  [ RIG VEDA 10.149.1 ] 

Savita = Sun ; Yantraih = through reins ;Prithiveem = Earth ;Aramnaat = Ties ;Dyaam Andahat = Other planets in sky as well ;Atoorte = Unbreakable ;Baddham = Holds ;Ashwam Iv Adhukshat = Like horses 

The sun has tied Earth and other planets through 

attraction and moves them around itself as if a 

trainer moves newly trained horses around itself 

holding their reins.

IS THAT GEOCENTRIC FOR THE WESTERNERS ????

THEY SAY,WE BELEIVE. 

We have not even read a fraction of the vedas, but declare it as a myth !! what prejudices people carry?? WE ARE PROUD TO CALL OUR SCIENCE AS MYTH !!! THINK !!! 

panjcAre cakre parivartamAne tasminn A tasthur bhuvanAni vishvA |

tasya nAkShas tapyate bhooribhAraH sanAd eva na sheeryate sanAbhiH || [ RIG VEDA 1.164.13 ]

Sun moves ,it itself is moving. 

Earth and other bodies move around sun due to 

force of attraction, because sun is heavier than 

them.

They say that we considered the sun and moon to be planets.Actually we did not.Sun was only decribed as the center of the solar system that held OTHER BODIES CALLED PLANETS.This clearly rules out the possiblity of sun being called as a planet. 

We also knew the source of moon light was sun.YES.....Read further... 

atrAha gor amanvata nAma tvaShTur apeecyam |

itthA candramaso gRuhe ||                                                      [ RIG VEDA1.84.16 ] 

The moving moon receives its light from the sun. 

somo vadhooyur abhavad ashvinAstAm ubhA varA |

 sooryAM yat patye shaMsanteem manasA savitAdadAt ||           [ RIG VEDA 10.85.9 ] 

Moon decided to marry. Day and Night attended  its wedding. And sun gifted his daughter “Sun  ray” to Moon

Did your parents tell you the myth of some snake catching hold of the sun or moon during the solar/lunar eclipse respectively ??? those are not prescribed by the vedas as well.

yat tvA soorya svarbhAnus tamasAvidhyad AsuraH |

akShetravid yathA mugdho bhuvanAny adeedhayuH ||              [ RIG VEDA 10.85.9 ] 

O Sun! When you are blocked by the one whom you gifted your own light (moon), then earth gets scared by sudden darkness.

Thanks for reading !! DO COMMENT !! PLEASE CONTINUE READING !!! 

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं - Theory of relativity

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं 

Succesful publish of the fifth part !! feeling happy and proud as an indian !! :) 

As we have already seen that sanskrit paved way for western languages including english, and the striking similarity we saw between the words GRURUTHVAATH which meant GRAVITY, According to Dr.Dean borwn and his research every word is connected. 

This could be a probable connection too.... In indian marriages, the tying of the sacred knot is not regarded as the most important event actually.It is the catching hold of the girl's hand by the boy and saying "may we be together for our whole life " is regarded as the most important event.This is also called, "PAANIGRAHANAM".the relation starts with the hand. So it was called as HASTHA BANDHAM (HASTHA - HAND , BANDHAM- RELATIONSHIP) this could have probably become HUSBAND !!!!  So...Akshat's fact is extended to another word.... :) 

With this interesting introduction..let us move onto the physics part.

 HASTHA KARMANA DAARA KARMA VYAKHYATHAM [ VAISHESHIKA SUTRA 5.1.11] 

Hastha - Hand ; Karma-Work ; Daara - Passive ; Vyakhyatham - Explained 

When the hand holding the body falls freely along with the body it does passive work.

It implies that thre is no work done at 90 Degrees.

KANADA gives lots of examples of Passive work in sutras 5.1.12 - 5.1.16.Since these are examples of the same type We are not discussing it here. 

ISHAVA YUGAPATH SAMYOGA VISHESHA KARMA ANYATVE HETHU: 

YUGAPATH - The path ; Vishesha - particular ; Anyathve - Difference ; Hethu - Reason 

When an arrow is shot , it has different kinetic energies at different points of its route. 

NODANAATH ADHYAM EESHO: KARMA THATH KARMA KAARITHATH CHA SAMSKARAATH UTHTHARAM THATHOTHARAMUTHTHARANCHA [ VAISHESHIKA SUTRA 5.1.7] 

Initially the force (nodana) applied to the arrow produces initial karma (kinetic energy) in the arrow. That energy produces a momentum in the arrow. It is because of this momentum that the arrow goes on going up. As the projectile rises, higher and higher samsakara becomes less and less.

And it is after this that it talks about gravity.This sutra we have already seen , but we will review it for better clarity since it is the extension of the above sutra. 

SAMYOGABHAAVE GRURUTHVAATH PATHANAM [VAISHESHIKA SUTRA 5.1.8] 

and thus the body falls due to gravity. 

This is such a modern way of analysing physics.This type of physics and its analyses was not in existance in europe before the 17th century A.D.

In Addition to this Book of Vaisheshika sutra, There was a rishi by namePRASHTAPATHA,who gave a commentary on this text of vaisheshika sutra,which is named as PADARTHA DHARMA SANGRA: [Nature of matter].

In these texts by prashtapatha, Wide range of physics from Generealphysics to Quantum physics have been handled.

Udhyothakara,Another Vedic Scholar has stated in his work by nameNyayavarthika, that a heavier body falls to ground with greater vega than a lighter body (falling from the same height). That means vega is a combined function of velocity and mass.

Prastapatha Also talks about Bhawana - Inertia and Sthithisthapaka - Elasticity.

Prashastapada analyses the velocity due to gravity in a freely falling body in quite modern way. He says that the motion of bodies falling from rest starts by gravity alone. This leads to a samsakara, in the same direction. As the force of gravity continues to operate, the further motion of the falling bodies is due to gravity as well as samsakara. Yet further, to this new velocity is added further velocity due to further action of gravity. Thus the velocity goes on increasing. The resultant motion is one but both the causes must be conceived as contributing to the resultant motion.

Five types of simple motion have been identified.

UTHKSHEPANA - Upward Throw 

APAKSHEPANA - Dpwnward throw 

AKUNCHANA    - Attraction 

PRASARANA    - Repulsion 

GAMANA          - Motion 

Further, it is stated that , 

DIG PRADESHA SAMOGA VIBHAAGA KARANAM 

Cause of translatory motions is new contact with a point in space then separation with that point in the next short interval of time and a new contact with the next point in space-field.

This gives us a picture of the mordern concept of dx/dt for velocity.

YATH ADRAVYATHAAM THATH KRIYAVANNA BHAVATHI 

Thus Matter is defined by its capacity to gain momentum by application of force. 

Let us look at some other conceptual terms that prashtapathaa talks about along with their english meanings and put them together to form a meaningful physics statement.

Karma                                                                                  - Energy 

Kshanikathwam                                                                   - Instantaneous 

Murta Dravya Vrititwam                                                      - belonging to material substances 

Sva karya samyoga virodhitwam                                         -is done on doing work by itself 

Swa parasharya amavetha karya arambakatwam              - can initiate work on assosiation with anoother body 

prathi niyatha jaathi yogithwam                                          - is based on various types of motions 

Dravya anarambhakathwam                                               - cannot form material substances 

Dig Vishaya karya arambhakathwam                                  - causes motion in  a specified direction. 

With all these concepts told by prashtapatha in the above mentioned order, it can be concatenated to bring together the definition of vector.(look at the last concept....It says in a specified direction).

Further, Prashtapatha Mentioned different types of motions. 

Gamana    - Curvillenear motion or speed 

Bhramana - rotatory motion 

Spandana - harmonic / vibratory motion 

He also talk about Angular momentum.He calls this concept as Avayavina: samskaraath.

Prashtapatha is also credited with the work on theory of relativity.This theory has been in existance in india for along period of time.Vedantha has been making use of this theory to the fullest.

Apeksha budhi is the term given for relativity.

Schools of vedantha have this thought on Relativity : 

Time is something eternal, it is an eternal dimension of existence. But it is relative also and its perception is dependent on the conditions of the subject perceiving it. Many of the features of time are like that of space. It is adhara of events in the same way as space is adhara of objects. Time is anashrita (not dependant, not requiring others). On that account also it is very much like space. It is also suggested that in the very beginning of universe, it was a condensed form of time from which everything emerged.

Now that we are done with prashtapatha's commentary on Vaishehsika sutras also, We will move onto the physics of light in the next note and proceed further.