पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं - AERONATUICS PART-4 ! SPEED OF LIGHT !! SOLAR SYSTEM !!

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं 

The successful publish of the 10th part of the notes ! It feels proud. 

We were to proceed with with the LOHADHIKARANAM ( the chapter of metal usage), but i thought, we shall pause it for now and resume from the next note. 

Since the vaimanika itself involves many calculations to come with regard to distance,speed,time etc. we will see those measures in this note.The vaimanika shastra also describes the universe, solar system and also about the air routes in the earth's atmosphere.So i thought, the basic understanding of all these with the help of the VEDAS themselves is essential to move onto the vaimanika shastra further.

Our ancestors, have calculated the speed of light.

The RIG VEDA says, 

taraNir vishvadarshato jyotishkrdasi surya |

vishvamaa bhaasirochanam || [ Rig veda 1.50] 

and the commentator also says , 

tatha ca smaryate yojananam. sahasre dve dve sate dve ca yojane

ekena nimishardhena kramaman.

We will see what these verses mean and take it as the base for the calculation of speed of light.

These verses literally mean, “It is remembered here that Sun (light) traverses 2,202 yojanas in half a nimisha” 

In the vedas, NIMISHA is a unit of time and YOJANA  is a unit of distance.

NIMESHA : 

The moksha dharma parva of the mahabharatha, explains 

15 Nimisha = 1 Kastha

30 Kashta = 1 Kala

30.3 Kala = 1 Muhurta

30 Muhurtas = 1 Diva-Ratri (Day-Night)

We know Day-Night is 24 hours

So we get 24 hours = 30 x 30.3 x 30 x 15 nimisha

in other words 409050 nimisha

We know 1 hour = 60 x 60 = 3600 seconds

So 24 hours = 24 x 3600 seconds = 409050 nimisha

409050 nimesa = 86,400 seconds

1 nimesa = 0.2112 seconds 

YOJANA : 

The vishnu purana explains the calculation of YOJANA unit. 

10 ParamAnus = 1 Parasukshma

10 Parasúkshmas = 1 Trasarenu

10 Trasarenus = 1 Mahírajas

10 Mahírajas= 1 Balagra 

10 Bálágra = 1 Likhsha

10 Likhsha= 1 Yuka

1o Yukas = 1 Yavodara

10 Yavodaras = 1 Yava

10 Yava = 1 Angula (1.89 cm or approx 3/4 inch)

6 angula  = 1 Pada

2 Padas = 1 Vitasti (span)

2 Vitasti = 1 Hasta (cubit)

4 Hastas = a Dhanu,  Nárikás = 6 feet

2000 Dhanus = 1 Gavyuti = 12000 feet

4 Gavyutis = 1 Yojana = 9.09 miles 

{ NOTE: THESE CALCULATIONS OF THE YOJANA HAVE BEEN ADOPTED FROM THE RESEARCH OF P.V.VARTAK,a research scholar, there are proofs in his books explaining how it is 9.09 miles also } 

Calculation:

So now we can calculate what is the value of the speed of light in modern units based on the value given as 2202 yojanas in 1/2 nimesa

= 2202 x 9.09 miles per 0.1056 seconds

= 20016.18 miles per 0.1056 seconds

= 189547 miles per second !!

As per the modern science speed of light is 186000 miles per second !

As per the mordern calculation it is 18600 miles/second. 

I think that the calculation errors must have occured due to approximation. 

Now that again our mouths are wide open, we will move onto some concepts of the universe as explained by the oldest of the vedas, THE RIG VEDA.

All our text books that we have studied in our curriculum, says that the indians proposed a geocentric model of the solar system, and that galileo founf all this was wrong and proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system. 

IS THIS TRUE ? ? ? ? 

The very word JAGATH ( World ), means the moving one.Those who know hindi can recognise as well.. (JISKI GATHI HAI WOH JAGATH .. that which has movement),so we knew the earth was moving constantly, that is why we named it so. 

ahastA yad apadee vardhata kShAH shaceebhir vedyAnAm |

shuShNam pari pradakShiNid vishvAyave ni shishnathaH ||                 [ RIG VEDA 10.22.14 ] 

KSHA: - Earth ; AHASTHA- No hands ; APADEE- No legs ; VARHDATH- moves ahead; SHUSHNAN PARI - around the sun ; PRADAKSHINIT - around 

This earth is devoid of hands and legs, yet it 

moves ahead. All the objects over the earth also 

move with it. It moves around the sun. 

So does that mean the vedas proposed a geocentric model ????!!!  

THE BRITISH LEGACY, HAS LEFT US NOTHING BUT AN OPPURTUNITY TO BE ASHAMED OF OUR OWN CULTURE !!!!! 

 suShvANAsa indra stumasi tvA sasavAMsash ca tuvinRumNa vAjam |

A no bhara suvitaM yasya cAkan tmanA tanA sanuyAma tvotAH ||                  [ RIG VEDA 10.149.1 ] 

Savita = Sun ; Yantraih = through reins ;Prithiveem = Earth ;Aramnaat = Ties ;Dyaam Andahat = Other planets in sky as well ;Atoorte = Unbreakable ;Baddham = Holds ;Ashwam Iv Adhukshat = Like horses 

The sun has tied Earth and other planets through 

attraction and moves them around itself as if a 

trainer moves newly trained horses around itself 

holding their reins.

IS THAT GEOCENTRIC FOR THE WESTERNERS ????

THEY SAY,WE BELEIVE. 

We have not even read a fraction of the vedas, but declare it as a myth !! what prejudices people carry?? WE ARE PROUD TO CALL OUR SCIENCE AS MYTH !!! THINK !!! 

panjcAre cakre parivartamAne tasminn A tasthur bhuvanAni vishvA |

tasya nAkShas tapyate bhooribhAraH sanAd eva na sheeryate sanAbhiH || [ RIG VEDA 1.164.13 ]

Sun moves ,it itself is moving. 

Earth and other bodies move around sun due to 

force of attraction, because sun is heavier than 

them.

They say that we considered the sun and moon to be planets.Actually we did not.Sun was only decribed as the center of the solar system that held OTHER BODIES CALLED PLANETS.This clearly rules out the possiblity of sun being called as a planet. 

We also knew the source of moon light was sun.YES.....Read further... 

atrAha gor amanvata nAma tvaShTur apeecyam |

itthA candramaso gRuhe ||                                                      [ RIG VEDA1.84.16 ] 

The moving moon receives its light from the sun. 

somo vadhooyur abhavad ashvinAstAm ubhA varA |

 sooryAM yat patye shaMsanteem manasA savitAdadAt ||           [ RIG VEDA 10.85.9 ] 

Moon decided to marry. Day and Night attended  its wedding. And sun gifted his daughter “Sun  ray” to Moon

Did your parents tell you the myth of some snake catching hold of the sun or moon during the solar/lunar eclipse respectively ??? those are not prescribed by the vedas as well.

yat tvA soorya svarbhAnus tamasAvidhyad AsuraH |

akShetravid yathA mugdho bhuvanAny adeedhayuH ||              [ RIG VEDA 10.85.9 ] 

O Sun! When you are blocked by the one whom you gifted your own light (moon), then earth gets scared by sudden darkness.

Thanks for reading !! DO COMMENT !! PLEASE CONTINUE READING !!! 

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं - Aeronautics

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं 

The discussions that have  been triggered in the commnets of the last note indeed give me great happiness.These sutras on physics were so true and amazing that they were a treat to our minds.But, there could be flaws in translations, or interpretations. Happy that we have started thinking and debating on such great matters.These healthy debates could reveal things to the world. Continue posting your opinions of differences and we shall ponder over the same. 

Science has been given much importance in the vedas.The postulates on the nature of matter and the existance and operation of the world were known as "Rtha".This, the yajur veda says, every man has to make a vow of learning and teaching to others the rtha or science.The thaithreeya samhitha of the krishna yajur veda says,

" Rtham cha swaadhyaaya pravachane cha " [ i shall learn and teach science ] 

With this interesting reference to the importance of science in the Sanathana dharma,we shall move onto the VAIMANIKA SHASTRA.

This shastra is the masterpeice work of Shri.Bharathwaja Maharishi.In his invocatory verse, 

" I shall write and explain with 500 sutras (SUTHRAIR PANCHA SHATHAIYUKTHAM),100 topics (SHATHADHIKARANAISTHADHA ) in eight chapters, ( ASHTADHYAAYA SAMAAYUKTHAM ), the science of aeronautics (VAIMANIKA PRAKARANAM ).This i shall write for the making easy the travel of people.

Firstly, We must understand that This is not the first text on the Aeroplanes in ancient india.Bharathwaja himself mentiones that he was guided by the following works.If Bharathwaja lived in around 1000 - 1500 BC and was guided by texts older than this, then we should imagine how old the techniques of Aeronautics must have been india.

Sage narayana -- VIMANA CHANDRIKA 

Sage garka       -- VYOMA YAANA THANTRA 

Sage vachaspati-- YANTHRA KALPA. 

We will see only basics for a few posts.It is only during the last that we will get into the real construction and pictures of construction of th vimanas. 

Thus, in sutra 1 , 

VEGA-SAAMYAATH VIMAANO ANDAJAANAAM [ SUTRA 1, VAIMANIKA ] 

ANDAJA - EGG BORN ;  VIMAANA - Aeoroplane 

"Owing to similarity of speed with birds, it is named Vimaana." 

Acharya Narayana defines vimana as ; "That which can speed on earth, on water, through air, by its own power, like a bird, is a "Vimaana"

Vishwambhara says, "Experts say that that which can fly through air from one country to another country, from one island to another island, and from one world to another world, is a "Vimaana".

Having thus defined the vimana, The sage moves onto explain details.

RAHASYAGNANODHIKAAREE [ SUTRA 2 , VAIMANIKA ] 

Rahasya-  secret ; gnana - knowledge ; adhikaree - knower 

This prakarana(chapter) talks about pilots.Thus he mentions that a pilot is person who knows the secret art of driving the vimanaas. 

As I said, Every school has sutras and vritti.The vritti grantha for the vaimanika shastra was given by Bodhananda.A vedic sage.His text is also available today along with the vaimanika shastra.So we will refer to this explanations as well. 

He says, Scientists say that there are 32 secrets of the working of the Vimaana. A pilot should acquaint himself thoroughly with them before.

We shall discuss the thirty two secrets described by the sage now.

1.MANTHRA : 

       Mantras and meditations are prescribed by the shastra to a pilot.It is said that by meditation the pilot aquires concentration, which is very much required to operate the flights.

2.THANTHRIKA : 

    This actually is interpreted by many as the ability to endow powers onto the flight.But i feel it is a metaphorical statement that means to convey that the pilot must know to repair the flight. ( magic/power - power to run even after a damage - repair ) 

3.KRITHAKA : 

       To study the various scripts describing the construction of vimanas.

4.ANTARAALA :

       In the wind-swept atmospheric region of the sky, in the clash at the borders of mighty currents, an inadvertent plane is likely to be smashed to pieces. But by getting warned of the approach of such danger spots, the plane could be halted and steered with care.

5.GOODHA : 

     Using the layers of atmosphere to hide the plane from the view of the enemy plane.[explained in vayutatwa prakarana) 

6.DRISHYA : 

       Use of mirrors ( Vishwa kriya darpanam ) and making the flight a camaflouged one.This enables better warfare with the enemy flights. 

7.ADHRISHYA : 

      Knowing how to produce a white circe (probably of smoke ? ) to make the vimana invisible to the enemy. 

8.PAROKSHA : 

        The study of Meghothpaththi Prakarana.The science describing the science of clouds 

9.APAROKSHA : 

        By projection of light infront of the vimana, things can be made better visible. 

10.SANKOCHA : 

        This literally means contraction.The shastra says, since the flight flies with its wings fully streched, hence there could be trouble because of this.By pressing the 7th switch, the wings can be shortened without affecting the flight.This is also calledYANTHRAANGOPASAMHAARA 

11.VISTRITA : 

     By turning the 11th switch of the flight, the vimana can be expanded a little.The mathematical calculations of this are found in the VALMIKI GANITHAM ( the mathematics of valmiki) 

12.VIROOPA KARANA : 

     By producing a kind of smoke projecting it through the tube called padma chakra to the bhyravee oil smeared Darpana (mirror) , and whirling i nthe 132nd speed, a monstrous picture of the flight can be created for the enemy.This will make him afraid. 

13.RUPANTHARA : 

        Some oils and some and use of specific mirros can create images of lion tiger in the mid air.

14.SUROOPA : 

        Some kind of mirrors and smoke can be used to show as if the flight is bedecked with lowers. 

15.JYOTHIRBHAVA : 

        Use of lights to make the flight glow. 

16.THAMOMAYA  : 

       MAke the plane appear dark , by the use of thamo yanthra.Also described the construction of this machine in the previous text of bharathwaja ( amsu bodhinee) 

17.PRALAYA : 

      Art of destruction of enimies 

18.VIMUKHA : 

       By projecting the VYSHWANARA POISON, Through the third tube and use of the mirror by name ROUDREE DARPANA, And turing on the switchh of air blowing, Insensiblity can be created to the enemy.

19.TAARA : 

     By mixing with etherial force 10 parts of air forte, 7 parts of water force, and 16 parts of solar glow, and projecting it by means of the star-faced mirror through the frontal tube of the Vimana; the appearance of a star-spangled sky is created.

20.MAHA SHABDHA VIMOHANA : 

        By useing the pressure of air around, sound can be emitted by usage of specific switches.These resemble thundering and leaves enemies in fear. 

21.LANGHANA : 

          How to stay safe from the heat of the sun. 

22.SAARPA GAMANA : 

        How to move and drive the flight in a Zig zag manner to confuse the enemy. 

23.CHAAPALA : 

       by turning the middle switch in the force center of the vimana, a great speed wil lbe generated confusing the enemy plane. 

24.SARVATHOMUKHA : 

       When an arrangement of enemy flights come to attack the flight, how to escape. 

25.PARASHABDHA GRAAHAKA RAHASYA : 

       As explained i the sowdaminee kala (electronic sciences), installation and working of the machines that help to over hear the conversations in the enemy plane. 

26.RUPAKARSHANA : 

        The art of capturing images of the interiors of the enemy plane.

                         HE MEANS PHOTOGRAPHY INDEED !!! 

 He says ; 

 VIMANASYA RUPAKARSHANA YANTHRA DWAARA PARAVIMAANASTHITHA VASTHU RUPAKARSHANA RAHASYAM  

27.KRIYAGRAHANA : 

By turning the key at the bottom of the Vimana, a white cloth is made to appear. By electrifying the three acids in the north-east part of the Vimana, and subjecting them to the 7 kinds of solar rays, and passing the resultant force into the tube of the Thrisheersha mirror

and making the cloth screen face the mirror, and switching on the upper key, all the activities going on down below on the ground, will be projected on the screen.

28.DIGPRADARSHANA : 

         A switch will project on the screen the direction of approach of the enemy plane. 

29.AAKASHAAKAARA : 

        Smearing black mica along with other specific substances can offer camaflouge to the plane. 

30.JALADHARUPA : 

         How to make the flight have the appearce on as though it resembles is a cloud, by use of smoke.

31.STABDHAKA : 

          By projecting apasmaara poison-fume smoke through the tube on the north side on the Vimana, and discharging it with stambhana-yantra, people in enemy planes will be made unconscious

32.KARSHANA : 

             How to burn the enemy plane and destroy it. 

Hope you enjoyed reading the 32 Rahasyas.We will proceed onto the adhikarana (chapter) dealing with the AERIAL ROUTES.( AKASHA MARGAADHIKARANAM ).

I have used an e book upoloaded by anonymous.The page containing the Verses of bharathwaja on these rahasyas, i have attached herewith for you to have a look.If any of you want the text i will be happy to forward.Drop in your email id as a comment.

Thank you for reading !! DO COMMENT :) 

BE PROUD AS AN INDIAN !! 

P.S : There are more researches done on this subject unlike the previous topic of ours,the vaisheshika sutras.Both indian and foreign scientists have agreed that these are possible to an extent.The biggest problem faced is that we do not get to understand which materials they refer to for the processes.

Please view this video : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFssEh-b7A8 

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं - Theory of relativity

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं 

Succesful publish of the fifth part !! feeling happy and proud as an indian !! :) 

As we have already seen that sanskrit paved way for western languages including english, and the striking similarity we saw between the words GRURUTHVAATH which meant GRAVITY, According to Dr.Dean borwn and his research every word is connected. 

This could be a probable connection too.... In indian marriages, the tying of the sacred knot is not regarded as the most important event actually.It is the catching hold of the girl's hand by the boy and saying "may we be together for our whole life " is regarded as the most important event.This is also called, "PAANIGRAHANAM".the relation starts with the hand. So it was called as HASTHA BANDHAM (HASTHA - HAND , BANDHAM- RELATIONSHIP) this could have probably become HUSBAND !!!!  So...Akshat's fact is extended to another word.... :) 

With this interesting introduction..let us move onto the physics part.

 HASTHA KARMANA DAARA KARMA VYAKHYATHAM [ VAISHESHIKA SUTRA 5.1.11] 

Hastha - Hand ; Karma-Work ; Daara - Passive ; Vyakhyatham - Explained 

When the hand holding the body falls freely along with the body it does passive work.

It implies that thre is no work done at 90 Degrees.

KANADA gives lots of examples of Passive work in sutras 5.1.12 - 5.1.16.Since these are examples of the same type We are not discussing it here. 

ISHAVA YUGAPATH SAMYOGA VISHESHA KARMA ANYATVE HETHU: 

YUGAPATH - The path ; Vishesha - particular ; Anyathve - Difference ; Hethu - Reason 

When an arrow is shot , it has different kinetic energies at different points of its route. 

NODANAATH ADHYAM EESHO: KARMA THATH KARMA KAARITHATH CHA SAMSKARAATH UTHTHARAM THATHOTHARAMUTHTHARANCHA [ VAISHESHIKA SUTRA 5.1.7] 

Initially the force (nodana) applied to the arrow produces initial karma (kinetic energy) in the arrow. That energy produces a momentum in the arrow. It is because of this momentum that the arrow goes on going up. As the projectile rises, higher and higher samsakara becomes less and less.

And it is after this that it talks about gravity.This sutra we have already seen , but we will review it for better clarity since it is the extension of the above sutra. 

SAMYOGABHAAVE GRURUTHVAATH PATHANAM [VAISHESHIKA SUTRA 5.1.8] 

and thus the body falls due to gravity. 

This is such a modern way of analysing physics.This type of physics and its analyses was not in existance in europe before the 17th century A.D.

In Addition to this Book of Vaisheshika sutra, There was a rishi by namePRASHTAPATHA,who gave a commentary on this text of vaisheshika sutra,which is named as PADARTHA DHARMA SANGRA: [Nature of matter].

In these texts by prashtapatha, Wide range of physics from Generealphysics to Quantum physics have been handled.

Udhyothakara,Another Vedic Scholar has stated in his work by nameNyayavarthika, that a heavier body falls to ground with greater vega than a lighter body (falling from the same height). That means vega is a combined function of velocity and mass.

Prastapatha Also talks about Bhawana - Inertia and Sthithisthapaka - Elasticity.

Prashastapada analyses the velocity due to gravity in a freely falling body in quite modern way. He says that the motion of bodies falling from rest starts by gravity alone. This leads to a samsakara, in the same direction. As the force of gravity continues to operate, the further motion of the falling bodies is due to gravity as well as samsakara. Yet further, to this new velocity is added further velocity due to further action of gravity. Thus the velocity goes on increasing. The resultant motion is one but both the causes must be conceived as contributing to the resultant motion.

Five types of simple motion have been identified.

UTHKSHEPANA - Upward Throw 

APAKSHEPANA - Dpwnward throw 

AKUNCHANA    - Attraction 

PRASARANA    - Repulsion 

GAMANA          - Motion 

Further, it is stated that , 

DIG PRADESHA SAMOGA VIBHAAGA KARANAM 

Cause of translatory motions is new contact with a point in space then separation with that point in the next short interval of time and a new contact with the next point in space-field.

This gives us a picture of the mordern concept of dx/dt for velocity.

YATH ADRAVYATHAAM THATH KRIYAVANNA BHAVATHI 

Thus Matter is defined by its capacity to gain momentum by application of force. 

Let us look at some other conceptual terms that prashtapathaa talks about along with their english meanings and put them together to form a meaningful physics statement.

Karma                                                                                  - Energy 

Kshanikathwam                                                                   - Instantaneous 

Murta Dravya Vrititwam                                                      - belonging to material substances 

Sva karya samyoga virodhitwam                                         -is done on doing work by itself 

Swa parasharya amavetha karya arambakatwam              - can initiate work on assosiation with anoother body 

prathi niyatha jaathi yogithwam                                          - is based on various types of motions 

Dravya anarambhakathwam                                               - cannot form material substances 

Dig Vishaya karya arambhakathwam                                  - causes motion in  a specified direction. 

With all these concepts told by prashtapatha in the above mentioned order, it can be concatenated to bring together the definition of vector.(look at the last concept....It says in a specified direction).

Further, Prashtapatha Mentioned different types of motions. 

Gamana    - Curvillenear motion or speed 

Bhramana - rotatory motion 

Spandana - harmonic / vibratory motion 

He also talk about Angular momentum.He calls this concept as Avayavina: samskaraath.

Prashtapatha is also credited with the work on theory of relativity.This theory has been in existance in india for along period of time.Vedantha has been making use of this theory to the fullest.

Apeksha budhi is the term given for relativity.

Schools of vedantha have this thought on Relativity : 

Time is something eternal, it is an eternal dimension of existence. But it is relative also and its perception is dependent on the conditions of the subject perceiving it. Many of the features of time are like that of space. It is adhara of events in the same way as space is adhara of objects. Time is anashrita (not dependant, not requiring others). On that account also it is very much like space. It is also suggested that in the very beginning of universe, it was a condensed form of time from which everything emerged.

Now that we are done with prashtapatha's commentary on Vaishehsika sutras also, We will move onto the physics of light in the next note and proceed further.