पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं - AERONAUTICS !! PART-6 !!

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं 

We shall start our further discussions on aeronautics after an understanding of some of the scientific concepts of ARyabhatta in his text of Aryabhateeyam.

Aryabhatta, bases all his suthras on a number system.One such number system ( something like an encryption system..) is what we have already seen ( Katapayathi sankhya) in earlier posts. 

We will have to understand this number system (aryabhateeya sankhya ) to understand his calculations.

in this number system... Sanskrit alphabets are numbered in the following manner. 

Ka- 1   Kha - 2     Ga - 3    Gha-4    Nga-5

Cha-6  Chcha-7 ....... So on and so forth with continuous numbering upto Ma-25 

Ya-30   Ra-40    La-50   Va-60   Sa-70  Sha-80 

E-100

U - 10,000

Ru-10,00,000 

Aryabhatta says in one of his suthras " Bha upa kramo Grahaansha:" 

Upa Kramo Grahamsha: makes sense as to the degree of tilting of earth....but Bha has no meaning per say.If we refer the numbering system, Bha is of the number 24.

Thus, the tilting of earth is 24 degrees according to aryabhatta ,while the mordern calculation is 23.5 degrees. 

Now , we shall move onto our Vaimanika Shastra.

Dharpanaathikaranam : The Chapter of Mirrors ! 

Dharpanaascha [ Suthra 20.Vaimanika Shastra ] 

The Mirrors ! 

This chapter Deals with Seven Different types of mirrors to be used in aeronautics.

• VishwaKriya Darpanam 
• ShakthyaKArshana Darpanam 
• Vyroopya Darpanam 
• Kuntinee Darpanam 
• Guhaagarbha Darpanam 
• Rowdree Darpanam 

1) Vishwakriya Darpanam : 

Vishwakriyaa darpana is to be fixed on a revolving stand near the pilot so that he could observe whatever is happening outside on all sides.Its construction is also detailedly explained, the silvering and all technical processes are described, but the problem lies in deciphering the meaning of the sanskrit words of the ingredients. 

2)ShakthyaKarshana Darpanam 

As the vimaana flies through the regions of the sky, three classes of destructive forces tend to overcome it. This mirror is capable of neutralising and overcoming their effects.

The wind, solar rays, and fire are known as trivargas. Each of the three has evil effects on the plane's pilot. Those evil forces this mirror will absorb and nullify.

3)Vyroopya Darpana 

When enemy planes with men intent on intercepting and destroying your vimaana attack you with all the means at their disposal, the viroopya-darpana will frighten them into retreat or render them unconscious and leave you free to destroy or rout them. The darpana, like a magician, will change the appearance of your vimaana into such frightening shapes that the attacker will be dismayed or paralysed. There are 27 such different shapes that are said to be possible. Sammohana-kriyaa-kaanda, or the work dealing with the methods causing insensibility, mentions 17 of them.

4)Kuntinee Darpanam 

We now consider the Kuntinee mirror. The wise say that the mirror by the glare of whose rays people's minds get deranged is Kuntinee mirror. Paraankusha says that in the region of the solar electric heat waves of the sky, seven streams of poisonous whirl-winds derange the mind. the Kuntinee mirror acts as a protection against that evil effect.

5) Pinjula Darpana 

The conflicting inter-action of the solar rays is called pinjulaa. It has deleterious effect on the black eye-balls of the pilots. The pinjulaa mirror, by intervening will prevent the eye-balls being blinded by the evil rays.

It is said in "Amsubodhinee", or the work on solar rays, "There are four directions, east, west, north and south, and four corner directions, south-east, south-west, north-east and north-west. The solar force of each direction has got its own intensity, owing to different fire-force, different seasonal force, the effect of the five winds, combined with the vaarunee or liquid force of the clouds, and the resulting tension gives rise to four evil forces, andha, andhakaara, pinjoosha, and taarapaa, whose glows, known as rakta, jaathara, taaraagra, and prabha, striking the eye-balls result in blindness of both eyes. 

6) Guha GArbaDarapanam 

The conflict between the electricity in the clouds, wind, and rays, generates forces harmful to pilots. The guhaa-garbha darpana, by attracting them and projecting them by electric force against enemy planes, renders the persons inside them physically disabled and incapable of figh.

7) Rowdree Darpana 

This mirror captures solar rays and concentrates them to a targetted enemy to liquify the same. 

By the mixing of roudree and solar rays an evil force called maarikaa is generated, and impelled by the solar electricity, it destroys the enemy planes."

We shall move onto the next Chapter, Electricity In our subsequent note !! 

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं - AERONAUTICS ! PART-3 !! FOOD TECHNOLOGY

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं 

The last note and this might sound boring to some people,but the details of pilot's food and clothing gets over with this note. 

The next note will be more interesting.The next note will talk about The metals used for flights,engines,electricity,so on and so forth. 

So irequest you continue reading and realise the value of our traditional texts. 

Today we will move into the vastradhikaranam, the chapter on the dresses of pilots. 

VASTHRADHIKARANAM 

YANTHU PRAVARANEEEYOW PRUTHAK PRUTHAK RITHU BHEDHAATH [ VAIMANIKA SHASTRA.SUTRA.6]

The clothing should be different for different seasons. 

There are detailed processes described for protective and purified forms of vatras(dresses) for pilots.These procedures are also described in the "Pata samskaara ratnakara".

These are vivid and detailed in nature and hence we shall not discuss it here.If any one wants the same, please drop your e mail ID as a comment. 

The next adhikaranam is on the food of pilots.AAHAARAADHIKARANAM : 

AHAARA: KALPABHEDHATH [VAIMANIKA SHASTRA.SUTRA.7 ] 

 The food shall be consumed in accordance to the seasons. 

VISHA NASHAS TRIBHYA: [VAIMANIKA SHASTRA.SUTRA.8]

By such a diet plan, the ill effects ccaused in the body due to seasonal change can be warded off. 

TAHTH KAALA ANUSARAATH ITHI [VAIMANIKA SHASTRA.SUTRA.9] 

And the food be consumed at specified times.The diet plan and the consumption times are detailedly described in the LALLA KARIKA, a text on dietics.

 THATH ABHAAVE SATHVA GOLAVAA [VAIMANIKA SHASTRA.SUTRA.10] 

If food is not available,then vitamil pills can be used.

It is evident that they have technologies that produced vitamin pills that can be used as substitute for food as well. 

A grantha (text) by name paakasarvasva explains the procedure of making such pills as well. 

PHALA MOOLA KAANDA SAAROVAA [ VAIMANIKA SHASTRA.SUTRA.11] 

API CHA THRUNADHEENAAM [ VAIMANIKA SHASTRA.SUTRA.12]

Or the essence of fruits,vegetables or roots. 

or the essence of grasses and herbs. 

An ancient text of food technology, by name ASHANA KALPA, on food technology  explains detailed procedures of how to extract essence and how to preserve them for further use.

 As i said earlier, With this concludes the chapters on pilot's dressing sense and food habits.We will move onto the chapters describing the construction of the aeroplanes. 

Thanks for reading. DO COMMENT :) 

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं - Aeronautics

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं 

The discussions that have  been triggered in the commnets of the last note indeed give me great happiness.These sutras on physics were so true and amazing that they were a treat to our minds.But, there could be flaws in translations, or interpretations. Happy that we have started thinking and debating on such great matters.These healthy debates could reveal things to the world. Continue posting your opinions of differences and we shall ponder over the same. 

Science has been given much importance in the vedas.The postulates on the nature of matter and the existance and operation of the world were known as "Rtha".This, the yajur veda says, every man has to make a vow of learning and teaching to others the rtha or science.The thaithreeya samhitha of the krishna yajur veda says,

" Rtham cha swaadhyaaya pravachane cha " [ i shall learn and teach science ] 

With this interesting reference to the importance of science in the Sanathana dharma,we shall move onto the VAIMANIKA SHASTRA.

This shastra is the masterpeice work of Shri.Bharathwaja Maharishi.In his invocatory verse, 

" I shall write and explain with 500 sutras (SUTHRAIR PANCHA SHATHAIYUKTHAM),100 topics (SHATHADHIKARANAISTHADHA ) in eight chapters, ( ASHTADHYAAYA SAMAAYUKTHAM ), the science of aeronautics (VAIMANIKA PRAKARANAM ).This i shall write for the making easy the travel of people.

Firstly, We must understand that This is not the first text on the Aeroplanes in ancient india.Bharathwaja himself mentiones that he was guided by the following works.If Bharathwaja lived in around 1000 - 1500 BC and was guided by texts older than this, then we should imagine how old the techniques of Aeronautics must have been india.

Sage narayana -- VIMANA CHANDRIKA 

Sage garka       -- VYOMA YAANA THANTRA 

Sage vachaspati-- YANTHRA KALPA. 

We will see only basics for a few posts.It is only during the last that we will get into the real construction and pictures of construction of th vimanas. 

Thus, in sutra 1 , 

VEGA-SAAMYAATH VIMAANO ANDAJAANAAM [ SUTRA 1, VAIMANIKA ] 

ANDAJA - EGG BORN ;  VIMAANA - Aeoroplane 

"Owing to similarity of speed with birds, it is named Vimaana." 

Acharya Narayana defines vimana as ; "That which can speed on earth, on water, through air, by its own power, like a bird, is a "Vimaana"

Vishwambhara says, "Experts say that that which can fly through air from one country to another country, from one island to another island, and from one world to another world, is a "Vimaana".

Having thus defined the vimana, The sage moves onto explain details.

RAHASYAGNANODHIKAAREE [ SUTRA 2 , VAIMANIKA ] 

Rahasya-  secret ; gnana - knowledge ; adhikaree - knower 

This prakarana(chapter) talks about pilots.Thus he mentions that a pilot is person who knows the secret art of driving the vimanaas. 

As I said, Every school has sutras and vritti.The vritti grantha for the vaimanika shastra was given by Bodhananda.A vedic sage.His text is also available today along with the vaimanika shastra.So we will refer to this explanations as well. 

He says, Scientists say that there are 32 secrets of the working of the Vimaana. A pilot should acquaint himself thoroughly with them before.

We shall discuss the thirty two secrets described by the sage now.

1.MANTHRA : 

       Mantras and meditations are prescribed by the shastra to a pilot.It is said that by meditation the pilot aquires concentration, which is very much required to operate the flights.

2.THANTHRIKA : 

    This actually is interpreted by many as the ability to endow powers onto the flight.But i feel it is a metaphorical statement that means to convey that the pilot must know to repair the flight. ( magic/power - power to run even after a damage - repair ) 

3.KRITHAKA : 

       To study the various scripts describing the construction of vimanas.

4.ANTARAALA :

       In the wind-swept atmospheric region of the sky, in the clash at the borders of mighty currents, an inadvertent plane is likely to be smashed to pieces. But by getting warned of the approach of such danger spots, the plane could be halted and steered with care.

5.GOODHA : 

     Using the layers of atmosphere to hide the plane from the view of the enemy plane.[explained in vayutatwa prakarana) 

6.DRISHYA : 

       Use of mirrors ( Vishwa kriya darpanam ) and making the flight a camaflouged one.This enables better warfare with the enemy flights. 

7.ADHRISHYA : 

      Knowing how to produce a white circe (probably of smoke ? ) to make the vimana invisible to the enemy. 

8.PAROKSHA : 

        The study of Meghothpaththi Prakarana.The science describing the science of clouds 

9.APAROKSHA : 

        By projection of light infront of the vimana, things can be made better visible. 

10.SANKOCHA : 

        This literally means contraction.The shastra says, since the flight flies with its wings fully streched, hence there could be trouble because of this.By pressing the 7th switch, the wings can be shortened without affecting the flight.This is also calledYANTHRAANGOPASAMHAARA 

11.VISTRITA : 

     By turning the 11th switch of the flight, the vimana can be expanded a little.The mathematical calculations of this are found in the VALMIKI GANITHAM ( the mathematics of valmiki) 

12.VIROOPA KARANA : 

     By producing a kind of smoke projecting it through the tube called padma chakra to the bhyravee oil smeared Darpana (mirror) , and whirling i nthe 132nd speed, a monstrous picture of the flight can be created for the enemy.This will make him afraid. 

13.RUPANTHARA : 

        Some oils and some and use of specific mirros can create images of lion tiger in the mid air.

14.SUROOPA : 

        Some kind of mirrors and smoke can be used to show as if the flight is bedecked with lowers. 

15.JYOTHIRBHAVA : 

        Use of lights to make the flight glow. 

16.THAMOMAYA  : 

       MAke the plane appear dark , by the use of thamo yanthra.Also described the construction of this machine in the previous text of bharathwaja ( amsu bodhinee) 

17.PRALAYA : 

      Art of destruction of enimies 

18.VIMUKHA : 

       By projecting the VYSHWANARA POISON, Through the third tube and use of the mirror by name ROUDREE DARPANA, And turing on the switchh of air blowing, Insensiblity can be created to the enemy.

19.TAARA : 

     By mixing with etherial force 10 parts of air forte, 7 parts of water force, and 16 parts of solar glow, and projecting it by means of the star-faced mirror through the frontal tube of the Vimana; the appearance of a star-spangled sky is created.

20.MAHA SHABDHA VIMOHANA : 

        By useing the pressure of air around, sound can be emitted by usage of specific switches.These resemble thundering and leaves enemies in fear. 

21.LANGHANA : 

          How to stay safe from the heat of the sun. 

22.SAARPA GAMANA : 

        How to move and drive the flight in a Zig zag manner to confuse the enemy. 

23.CHAAPALA : 

       by turning the middle switch in the force center of the vimana, a great speed wil lbe generated confusing the enemy plane. 

24.SARVATHOMUKHA : 

       When an arrangement of enemy flights come to attack the flight, how to escape. 

25.PARASHABDHA GRAAHAKA RAHASYA : 

       As explained i the sowdaminee kala (electronic sciences), installation and working of the machines that help to over hear the conversations in the enemy plane. 

26.RUPAKARSHANA : 

        The art of capturing images of the interiors of the enemy plane.

                         HE MEANS PHOTOGRAPHY INDEED !!! 

 He says ; 

 VIMANASYA RUPAKARSHANA YANTHRA DWAARA PARAVIMAANASTHITHA VASTHU RUPAKARSHANA RAHASYAM  

27.KRIYAGRAHANA : 

By turning the key at the bottom of the Vimana, a white cloth is made to appear. By electrifying the three acids in the north-east part of the Vimana, and subjecting them to the 7 kinds of solar rays, and passing the resultant force into the tube of the Thrisheersha mirror

and making the cloth screen face the mirror, and switching on the upper key, all the activities going on down below on the ground, will be projected on the screen.

28.DIGPRADARSHANA : 

         A switch will project on the screen the direction of approach of the enemy plane. 

29.AAKASHAAKAARA : 

        Smearing black mica along with other specific substances can offer camaflouge to the plane. 

30.JALADHARUPA : 

         How to make the flight have the appearce on as though it resembles is a cloud, by use of smoke.

31.STABDHAKA : 

          By projecting apasmaara poison-fume smoke through the tube on the north side on the Vimana, and discharging it with stambhana-yantra, people in enemy planes will be made unconscious

32.KARSHANA : 

             How to burn the enemy plane and destroy it. 

Hope you enjoyed reading the 32 Rahasyas.We will proceed onto the adhikarana (chapter) dealing with the AERIAL ROUTES.( AKASHA MARGAADHIKARANAM ).

I have used an e book upoloaded by anonymous.The page containing the Verses of bharathwaja on these rahasyas, i have attached herewith for you to have a look.If any of you want the text i will be happy to forward.Drop in your email id as a comment.

Thank you for reading !! DO COMMENT :) 

BE PROUD AS AN INDIAN !! 

P.S : There are more researches done on this subject unlike the previous topic of ours,the vaisheshika sutras.Both indian and foreign scientists have agreed that these are possible to an extent.The biggest problem faced is that we do not get to understand which materials they refer to for the processes.

Please view this video : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFssEh-b7A8 

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं - Newton's Third law

पुरातन भारतीय विज्ञानं 

Hope you have read my note two as well...Now before moving into physics that we usually do by vaisheshika sutra and its explanations, Let us start with the pythogorous theorem....er...i am sorry..i meant BODHAYANA's Theorem. 

Bodhayana's Sulbha suthra is a book containing geometry and its applications.It says, 

"Dheergha charutharskhanyaa rajju: paarshvamaanee thiryag maanee cha 

yath pruthag bhuthe kuru thasdath ubhayam karothi " 

It means that in  a right angled triangle, the sum of the sqaures of other two sides other than the longest side total to the longest side multiplied by itself. 

This calculation was given to frame the triangular frames in which pujas like fire worship were done.Thus is it BODHAYANA's theorem or....pythogorous theorem ??!! 

Now we shall move onto the discussion of ours on physics.Today i find in the sutras an asotnishing sutra that is the third law of newton that the whole world knows. [ vaisheshika sutra 1.1.14] we shall discuss this later in this note or in the next note. 

SADANITYAM DRAVYAVATH KARYAM KARANAM SAAMAANYA VISHESHA VIDHITHA DRAVYA GUNAAKARMAAGAMA VISHESHA:  [VAISHESHIKA SUTRA 1.1.8] (sutra 9 also talks of the same thing it is not discussed here as it is just an extension of this sutra) 

SAT- EXISTING ; DRAVYAVATH - Containing ;  AVISEHSHA: - RESEMBLANCE 

Any body’s mass needs to be wholly explained in terms of its constituent particles.

DRAVYANAAM DRAVYAM KAARYAM SAMAANYAM 

Dravyanaam dravyam - substance constituting substances 

Any substance comprising of two or more primary particle types requires a chemical reaction to generate it- the conjoining and break up of prexisting molecules.

DVITHVA PRABHRUTHAYA: SANKHYA: PRUTHAKTHVA SAMYOGA VIBHAGAASHCHA 

The “molecules” are stated as emerging from combinations between the fundamental entities 

KANADA further explains that Forces are necessary to bring about combination and break up of molecules and 

The combinations of particles to produce molecules result in substances with states very different from those of the original particles  in around six suthras in the beginning of fourth chapter. 

Thus he clearly differentiates between a chemical reaction and a physical reaction.

Now it is time to put down the third law of newton...the law actually proposed by maharishi kanada !! 

KARYA VIRODHI KARMA [ VAISHESHIKA SUTHRA 1.1.14] 

karya - Action Virodhi - opposite karma - Actiona (reaction in this case) 

EVERY ACTION HAS AN EQUIVALENT AND OPPOSITE REACTION !!!! 

Mouths wide open again ??? welll must be...then how wud u react if i said..the indians of those times knew how to design aeroplanes ?! YES !! they did know !! thre is this shastra by name VAIMANIKA SHASTRA by MAHARISHI BHARATHWAJA !! that explains the construction and working of AEROPLANES !!! we shall discuss this after discussing VAISHESHIKA SUTRAS. 

भारतीय समय निर्माणं - Indian Time Calculation.

       भारतीय समय निर्माणं 

Indians were great achievers in all fields. In Time calculation too. The traditional indian vedic standards of time were detailed and involved lot of calculations.The shrimad bhagavatha maha purana describes this in detail. 
Believers and atheists, both would be surprised how we Indians calculated time accurately, 5000 years back.

Scientific Standard of Time

Until 1955 the scientific standard of time, the second, was based on the earth’s period of rotation and was defined as 1/86,400 of the mean solar day. When it was realized that the earth’s rate of rotation was irregular and also slowing down, it became necessary to redefine the second. In 1955 the International Astronomical Union defined the second as being 1/31,556,925.9747 of the solar year in progress at noon December 31, 1899. The International Committee on Weights and Measures adopted the definition the following year.

With the introduction of atomic clocks—specifically, the construction of a high-precision caesium-beam atomic clock in 1955—more accurate measurement of time became possible. This atomic clock utilizes the frequency of a spectral line produced by the caesium-133 atom. In 1967 the measurement of the second in the International System of Units was officially defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.

Vedic standard of time : 

While we see that the atomic calculations were the basis for the modern time study that we have the base unit as seconds, the base unit in the Vedas is referred to by name “PARAMANU” which literally means “SUB-ATOMIC level”. This gives us an insight that may refer to a calculation of time with reference to atoms and not merely solar or lunar time periods.

In a text by name shrimad bhagavatham (dates back to 3070 BC), the sage maithreya says that this is taken as the basic unit for calculations and describes the same as follows:

"The smallest particle of material substance, which has not yet combined with any other similar particles, is called paramanu (a sub-atomic particle of matter). Paramanus always exist both in the dormant and manifest states of material existence. It is the combination of more than one paramanu (sub-atomic particle) which gives rise to the illusory concept of a (material) unit."

A combination of two paramanus make an anu (ATOM).Three atoms make a THRASRENU. A combination of thresranu’s are said to be visible through the sun rays through a laticced window. (Did maitreya talk abt tyndall effect ?)

Paramanu as a source and basic unit of time calculated as the time sunrays take to pass through them.

Three tersrenus are called a thruthi ( 8/13,500 of a second).

A combination of 100 thruthis is called a vedha (8/135 of a second) and three Vedas together were called as a lava (8/45 of a second)

A combination of three lavas is called a kshana ( 8/5 of a second)(this is also described in scriptures as the time taken to the twinkling of a human eye).

A combination of 5 kshanas is called a kaashta.(8 seconds) and fifteen kaashtas equal one laghu (2 minutes).

15 laghu make up a nadika (nazhiga – tamil) which is equal to 30 minutes. 6 nadikas equal one prahara (a quarter of a day).

A day consists of four yamaas(six hour periods),while fifteen such days make up alternating bright and dark fornights(moon sizes).

Two of such fortnights are taken to be a maasa (month) and two months constitute a rithu (Season) and six months constitute a ayana(time for sun to move from north to south and south to north resp)

The vedic years constitute the following yugas (collection of years).

Satya yuga:

 1,728,000 human years

 Treta yuga:

 1,296,000 human years

 Dvapara yuga:

 864,000 human years

 Kali yuga:

 432,000 human years

The world does not end here the whole completion of the above said four yugas constitute a maha yuga or a divya yuga(4.32 million years).

One thousand such cycles (4.32 billion years) make up one day of brahma.

(note: maybe there exists no god. but the Vedic traditionalists made it an embodiment or personification of time. Personification was a common practice as history, legends, facts and sciences in those days were not separated from literature. This is a striking observation because the brahma is said to have four faces which represent the four above mentioned yugas. When personification of autumn, rivers, and nations can be accepted as literature, personification of time as brahma can be accepted by atheists too)

Such a day of brahma is called as a kalpa. Each day of brahma is divided into manvantaras (14 periods) each lasting 71 cycles of the above said rotation of four constituting one such cycle.

The brahma is said to live 100 years,each consisting of 360 days.In human years the brahma’s life in  72,000 x 4,320,000,000 human years = 311,040,000,000,000 human years.

This time span is considered one breathe in and breathe out of VISHNU.

After the life of one brahma, another brahma comes into existence and the process of time continues.

So where are we now?

According to the Vedic scriptures, we are now in the first day of the second half of the life of Brahma (even he gets old, and he is now 50). Within this day of Brahma, we are in the seventh manvantara (of Vaivasvata Manu), in the 28th turnover of its 71 yuga cycles.

Modern astronomy calculates the beginning of the present Kali-yuga at 2:27a.m. on February 20th in the year 3102 B.C.